Ratsun

Contents.Straight-four L13 The L13 was a 1,296 cc (1.3 L; 79.1 cu in) engine with a bore and stroke of 83 mm × 59.9 mm (3.27 in × 2.36 in) that appeared in 1967, but was only available in the Japanese market. It produces 77 hp (57 kW). The L13 was essentially a de-stroked L16.Applications:.

• Datsun 240z

(510)L14 The 1,428 cc (1.4 L; 87.1 cu in) L14 was destined for most of the world, but was never offered in the US. Bore and stroke is 83 mm × 66 mm (3.27 in × 2.60 in). 1968–1973 (510).

(J710/J711). 1971–1973 (PB110). 1971–1973 (KPB110) (April 1971). 1973–1976 (PB210). 1973-1974 (PB210) L14 with twin and performance cam (South Africa special).

1975 Nissan GR-1 conceptL16 The L16 was a 1,595 cc (1.6 L; 97.3 cu in), fed by a 2-barrel -, produced from 1967 through 1973 for the. It produces 96 hp (97 PS; 72 kW) at 6000 rpm and maximum of 135 N⋅m (100 lb⋅ft) at 3600 rpm through 1971, then 92 hp (93 PS; 69 kW). And were 83 mm × 73.7 mm (3.27 in × 2.90 in).

The L16 replaced the.Applications:. 1968–1973. 1970–1972 pick-up. 1971–1977 sedan (610).

1972–1973 pick-up. 1973–1977 (P710/P711). 1977–1978 (A10)When this engine was installed in a 1972 Canadian 510 sedan model with, 2 sets of points were installed in the and this second set of points was in circuit only in 3rd gear to obtain a different. A similar arrangement exists in the US-spec 510/610 cars and 521/620 pickup trucks for the years 1970-73L16S The L16S was an engine that was used in the 910 Bluebird sedan and van/wagon. This engine was equipped with an electronically controlled carburetor.Applications:. (910)L16T The L16T was basically the same as the L16 but had twin SU carbs, flat top pistons (same as ones used in 240Z) and a slightly different head.

It produces 109 hp (81 kW).Applications:. (510) - At least in European version, where it was known as Datsun 1600SSS (P(L)510), 1968-1972. (B210), specific to the South African market where it was assembled.Note the L in PL was for left hand drive models.L16P The L16P is the version of the L16.Applications:. (510).

(710)L18. 1974–1976. 1975–1977. 1975–1979 110 hp (82 kW). 1975–1979 (S10). 1977–1981. 1978–1981.

1979.5–1980LZ (competition) The 'LZ' twin cam head was designed to give a power boost to the Datsun L series engine for competition purposes.There are two different LZ cylinder heads. The early head is the same thickness as a normal L series head. The engine using the first head was referred to as the L14 twin cam.

There was no mention of Z in the title. This L14 twin cam head engine has flat exit side exhaust ports, the early 12 bolt rocker cover and the coolant discharge on the inlet side of the head. All early twin cam engines appear to have the 14 bolt rocker cover (6 for the cover and 8 for the bolt-in plug holders). Later engines use the full flat cover with six bolts to secure it.The LZ engine was built purely for Datsun/Nissan competition use. Engine size can vary between 1400 cc (LZ14) in the PB110 '1200', 1600 cc in the PB210, 1800 CC in the 710 2.0 litres in the PA10 Stanza, to 2.2 liter in the 910 bluebird rally cars. The naturally aspirated LZ engines used 44 or 50 mm (1.73 or 1.97 in) carburettors depending on capacity. The LZ engine found its way into many categories, from 'Datsun Works' rally cars, Formula Pacific, Group 4 (racing), Group 5 (racing) and Group C.In some Japanese racing classes the LZ engine is fitted with low compression pistons and a 'T05B' turbocharger.

These engines are electronically fuel injected. A very successful example of the LZ turbo was in the famous Japanese 'White Lightning' Silvia and 'Tomica' R30 Skyline, both driven by Hoshino in the mid 1980s. The LZ turbo engine was also used in the 1986 Nissan March 85G Le Mans car.The LZ turbo engine was tuned to produce 570 PS (419 kW; 562 hp) at 7,600 rpm and 539 N⋅m (398 lbf⋅ft) at 6,400 rpm.

The original LZ20B turbo engine used in the 1983 'White Lightning' Group 5 race car, produced 500 PS (368 kW; 493 hp) at 8,000 rpm.The LZ14 engine for the Formula Pacific race cars produces 205 PS (151 kW; 202 hp) at 10,200 rpm. For qualifying and non endurance events the LZ14 can be tweaked to produce 240 PS (177 kW; 237 hp) at 11,000 rpm. The LZ14 is naturally aspirated and has a bore and stroke of 87.8 mm × 66 mm (3.46 in × 2.60 in) 1,598 cc (1.6 L; 97.5 cu in).The LZ engine uses a standard L series engine block to mount the cylinder head. Usually the bottom end is using a Tsubakimoto dry sump pump.

The crankshaft used is a Nismo chrome moly '8 bolt flywheel' type. Connecting rods are various length, style, to suit the engine stroke. The rod caps have aircraft grade rod bolts and are dowelled.

Pistons are thin ring forged units.The head was available for purchase from Nissan (Nismo) and was sanctioned by the FIA. The LZ14 1,598 cc (1.6 L; 97.5 cu in) was used during the 1973 Japanese GP, taking the top three positions. In open wheeler 'Formula Pacific' racing the LZ14 engine dominated competition in most events it was entered in.

It received multiple top rankings in some events.LD20/LD20T There was also a diesel version of the 4-cylinder L-series, used in amongst others the Bluebird 910 and the Vanette. (but strangely enough was not in the 720 pickup, which had the SD22/25 when diesel powered, while the gas version most often has the L-series engine. However, in case of a conversion of a gas powered 720 to diesel, it will be much easier to use a LD20 because it fits on the original gearbox and engine mounts.) The N/A version produced 65 hp (48 kW) at 4600 rpm and 12.5 kg⋅m (123 N⋅m; 90 lb⋅ft) of at 2400 rpm, later 67 hp (50 kW) and 13 kg⋅m (127 N⋅m; 94 lb⋅ft) of torque. Nissan L20 engineThe L20 is a SOHC 12-valve engine produced from 1966. A bore and stroke of 78 mm × 69.7 mm (3.07 in × 2.74 in) meant a displacement of 1,998 cc (2.0 L; 121.9 cu in). The original L20 was plagued by problems caused by its rushed development and was short lived. The L20 was used in the and 130, producing 109 hp (81 kW) for the 2000 GT and 123 hp (92 kW) for the Cedric.A new L20, designated L20A, was introduced in 1970 and was based on the design of the L16.

The L20A was used in HLC210 (, 75-77), G610 2000 GT and GTX, 230/330 Series Cedrics, HIJC31 (, 81-85), and Fairlady Z (1970–1983). It produces 115 PS (85 kW). There was also the fuel injected L20E, with 130 PS (96 kW).L20ET.

L20ET engine in an R30The L20ET is a developed from the L20E. It is a 12-valve, six-cylinder, engine with a single chain driven cam, turbo (non intercooled), and a non crossflow head. It produces 145 PS (107 kW; 143 hp).It was released in the late 1970s and fitted to the C210 and R30, and early lines of automobiles.This engine was the first engine out of Japan to ever receive a turbo.L20P The L20P is the version of the L20 engine.Applications:. (330, 430 and Y30). (330, 430 and Y30)L23 The L23 was a 2,262 cc (2.3 L; 138.0 cu in) engine produced in 1968.

It produces 123 hp (92 kW). This engine was produced in limited numbers and is therefore rare. The L23 was replaced by the L24 the following year. Bore and stroke were 83 mm × 67.9 mm (3.27 in × 2.67 in) and, respectively.

The L23 was based on the design of the original L20.Applications:. 1968-69 Personal Six, Special Six and Super SixL24.

Nissan L24 engineThe L24 was a 2,393 cc (2.4 L; 146.0 cu in) engine produced from 1969 through 1984. It produces 130 PS (128 bhp; 96 kW) and the version with twin side draught produces 150 PS (148 bhp; 110 kW). Bore and stroke is 83 mm × 73.7 mm (3.27 in × 2.90 in).A single carburetor version of the same engine was also standard in the Laurel sedan (240L) for various export markets, in the years 1982-1984. While the last generation Cedric to use this engine in Japan was the 230-series (1971–1975), of Taiwan installed it in 430-series Cedrics at least as late as 1984. 1977–1980. 1981.

1981–1985 R30. 1982–1983. 1984. 1984–1990 C32L26 The L26 is the larger 2,565 cc (2.6 L; 156.5 cu in).

Bore and stroke is 83 mm × 79 mm (3.27 in × 3.11 in). It was produced from 1973 through 1978. It produces 140–162 PS (138–160 bhp; 103–119 kW). In 1975, the L26 replaced the. The L26 makes around 165 bhp (167 PS; 123 kW).Applications:. 1972–1975.

1974–1977 (C130). 1974 1974 for North America. 260Z sold in other countries until 1978. 1976–1978L28 The L28 is a 2,753 cc (2.8 L; 168.0 cu in) 12-valve engine. Bore and stroke is 86 mm × 79 mm (3.39 in × 3.11 in).

The basic L28 is carburetted.Applications:. 1975–1977 C130. 1978–1979 330.

330. 1980–1989 160. 1986–2002 260.

1978 Dome-ZeroL28E. Nissan L28E engine in a Datsun 280ZThe L28E is the enlarged 2,753 cc (2.8 L; 168.0 cu in) engine produced from 1975 to 1984 equipped with dish-top pistons from 1975 to 1978 and 1979 to 1983 with flat top pistons and a resulting compression ratio of 8.3:1. The E stands for electronic multiport fuel injection, provided by Bosch using the L-Jetronic system, and is one of the first Japanese produced vehicles to introduce the technology. For model year 1981 through model year 1983, the L28E received flat-top pistons and a high quench head, raising the compression ratio to 8.8:1, and thus increasing the power rating from 135 PS (99 kW; 133 hp) (1975–1980) to 145 PS (107 kW; 143 hp) (1981–1983).

1975–1978 (150 PS (110 kW; 148 hp)). 1975–1986.

1979–1983. 1980–1982 F30. 1980–1989 160. Nissan AD-2 conceptL28ET The L28E was in December 1980 to produce the L28ET for the. The L28ET was produced through June 1983.

The early versions had adjustable mechanical rockers though these were phased out after September 1982 in favor of hydraulic rockers. The L28ET produces 180 bhp (182 PS; 134 kW) at 5600 rpm and 203 lb⋅ft (275 N⋅m) of torque at 2800 rpm. This engine was considered too powerful by Japan's Ministry of Transportation, who would only allow turbochargers to be installed in sub 2 litre-engined cars, and was therefore very limited in sales in its homeland.The L28ET used a single TB03 internally wastegated turbocharger and no intercooler.

Boost was limited to 6.8 psi (0.47 bar). Other modest changes were made to the turbo model, with static compression reduced to 7.4:1, and automatic transmission models were given a higher-volume oil pump. The most significant change aside from the turbocharger itself was the introduction of a new engine control system, Nissan's Electronic Concentrated Control System (ECCS).Applications:. TurboLD28 The LD28 is the diesel-version of the L28 engine. Robust 7-main bearing block design, like all L-series six-cylinder engines. Bore and stroke are 84.5 mm × 83 mm (3.33 in × 3.27 in) respectively. LD28.

2,792 cc (2.8 L; 170.4 cu in). pre-combustion chamber91 PS (67 kW; 90 bhp) at 4,600 rpm and 17.3 kg⋅m (170 N⋅m; 125 lbf⋅ft) of torque at 2,400 rpm. 430 and Y30.

430 and Y30. C31 and C32. C210 and R30. G910. G910. Albin 27 boats from 1982 to 1992/3.

rare option. See LD28T (turbocharged)There were no factory turbocharged LD28 engines available in the US market, nor has Nissan ever equipped any of its US-market cars/light trucks with a turbo-diesel engine.

LD28T's may be found in Japan, Australasia/New Zealand, southern Africa and parts of Europe.Nissan also marketed LD28Ts as bare engines for genset and stationary engine uses and may be also found in maritime version.Applications:. (Y60 & Y61 Safari export version)Nissan Laurel (Euro only)L2.8 3.2 (Not Production) When fitting an L28 with an LD28 crankshaft with standard bored cylinders it increases the engine displacement from 2,753 cc (2.8 L; 168.0 cu in) to about 2900 cc.

It was never actually produced by Nissan, but it is a very easy and common modification to the L28 done by many and enthusiasts. The most popular modification is the 3 mm (0.12 in) overbored 89 mm (3.5 in) L3.1 litres (3,096 cc); some add a turbo or two, but the more common setup is the triple Solex.

The only downside is that LD28 cranks are expensive- used units are scarce, but new units are available from the factory. Fully counterweighted 83 mm (3.3 in) stroke and even 85 mm (3.3 in) stroke cranks can be bought from aftermarket companies.Without increasing bore size, fitting an L28 with the longer stroke LD28 crank will only result in 2.9L. In Japan and other parts of the world the popular 'poormans mod' was the 3 mm (0.12 in) overbore using the 89 mm (3.5 in) 90 mm (3.54 in) Honda FT-500 / XL-500 motorcycle pistons along with the L14 connecting rods.

Other enthusiasts use the much cheaper/heavier 89 mm (3.5 in) or even engine pistons. All of these were cast pistons and had low endurance and would often fail prematurely, compared to custom forged pistons, when subjected to high compression and advanced ignition timing.See also.References.

Temporal range: Early – Recent( Rattus norvegicus)Kingdom:Phylum:Class:(unranked):Order:Rodentia, 1821Rats are various medium-sized, long-tailed. Species of rats are found throughout the order Rodentia, but stereotypical rats are found in the genus. Other rat genera include , ( rats) and.Rats are typically distinguished from by their size. Generally, when someone a large rodent, its includes the term rat, while if it is smaller, its name includes the term mouse.

The common terms rat and mouse are not specific. In other words, rat is not a scientific term; if it were, all rats would belong to the genus. A rat in a city streetThe best-known rat are the ( Rattus rattus) and the ( Rattus norvegicus). This group, generally known as the rats or true rats, originated in.

Rats are bigger than most Old World, which are their relatives, but seldom weigh over 500 grams (1.1 lb) in the wild.The term rat is also used in the names of other small that are not true rats. Examples include the North American (aka wood rats ) and a number of species loosely called. Rats such as the ( Bandicota bengalensis) are rodents related to true rats but are not members of the genus Rattus.Male rats are called bucks; unmated females, does, pregnant or parent females, dams; and infants, kittens or pups. A group of rats is referred to as a mischief.The common species are opportunistic survivors and often live with and near; therefore, they are known as.

They may cause substantial food losses, especially in developing countries. However, the widely distributed and problematic commensal species of rats are a minority in this diverse genus. Many species of rats are, some of which have become due to habitat loss or competition with the brown, black,. A rat in a ofRats become sexually mature at age 6 weeks, but reach social maturity at about 5 to 6 months of age. The average lifespan of rats varies by species, but many only live about a year due to predation.The black and brown rats diverged from other in the forests of Asia during the beginning of the. Rat tailsThe characteristic long tail of most rodents is a feature that has been extensively studied in various rat species models, which suggest three primary functions of this structure:, minor, and a -mediated response. Rodent tails—particularly in rat models—have been implicated with a thermoregulation function that follows from its anatomical construction.

This particular tail morphology is evident across the family Muridae, in contrast to the bushier tails of, the squirrel family. The tail is hairless and thin skinned but highly vascularized, thus allowing for efficient with the environment.

The high and densities of the tail, along with ample muscle attachment sites along its plentiful, facilitate specific proprioceptive senses to help orient the rodent in a three-dimensional environment. Lastly, murids have evolved a unique defense mechanism termed degloving that allows for escape from predation through the loss of the outermost layer on the tail.

However, this mechanism is associated with multiple that have been the subject of investigation. Multiple studies have explored the thermoregulatory capacity of rodent tails by subjecting test organisms to varying levels of physical activity and quantifying via the animals' tails. One study demonstrated a significant disparity in from a rat's tail relative to its abdomen. This observation was attributed to the higher proportion of in the tail, as well as its higher, which directly relates to heat's ability to dissipate via the skin. These findings were confirmed in a separate study analyzing the relationships of heat storage and in rodents that exercise in warm environments.

In this study, the tail was a focal point in measuring heat accumulation and modulation. On the other hand, the tail's ability to function as a proprioceptive sensor and modulator has also been investigated.

As aforementioned, the tail demonstrates a high degree of muscularization and subsequent that ostensibly collaborate in orienting the organism. Specifically, this is accomplished by coordinated and extension of tail muscles to produce slight shifts in the organism's, orientation, etc., which ultimately assists it with achieving a state of proprioceptive balance in its environment. Further mechanobiological investigations of the constituent in the tail of the rat have identified multiple factors that influence how the organism navigates its environment with this structure. A particular example is that of a study in which the morphology of these tendons is explicated in detail.

Namely, of tendons of the rat's tail demonstrate a higher proportion of living that produce the for these fibers. As in humans, these tendons contain a high density of that help the animal assess stretching of muscle and adjust accordingly by relaying the information to higher areas associated with balance, proprioception, and movement. The characteristic tail of murids also displays a unique defense mechanism known as in which the outer layer of the integument can be detached in order to facilitate the animal's escape from a predator. This evolutionary selective pressure has persisted despite a multitude of that can manifest upon part of the tail and exposing more interior elements to the environment. Paramount among these are and infection, as the high density of within the tail becomes exposed upon or similar injury to the structure. The degloving response is a response, meaning that it occurs when the animal is subjected to, such as when a predator snatches the organism by the tail. A laboratory rat strain, known as a Zucker rat, bred to be genetically prone to, a also found among humans.In 1895, in, established a population of domestic brown rats to study the effects of diet and for other studies.

Over the years, rats have been used in many experimental studies, adding to our understanding of, the effects of, and other topics that have provided a great benefit for the and wellbeing of humankind. The of the rat are among the most commonly studied in murine models due to marked to the human. Both rat and human aortic arches exhibit subsequent branching of the, left, and left, as well as geometrically similar, nonplanar curvature in the. Aortic arches studied in rats exhibit abnormalities similar to those of humans, including altered and double or absent aortic arches. Despite existing anatomical analogy in the inthrathoracic position of the heart itself, the murine model of the heart and its structures remains a valuable tool for studies of human cardiovascular conditions.Laboratory rats have also proved valuable in psychological studies of learning and other mental processes (Barnett 2002), as well as to understand and overcrowding (with the work of on ). A 2007 study found rats to possess, a mental ability previously only documented in humans and some.Domestic rats differ from wild rats in many ways. They are calmer and less likely to bite; they can tolerate greater crowding; they breed earlier and produce more offspring; and their, and are smaller (Barnett 2002).are often used as for scientific research.

Datsun 240z

Since the publication of the rat sequence, and other advances, such as the creation of a rat, and the production of, the has become a useful genetic tool, although not as popular as. When it comes to conducting tests related to, learning, and, rats are a popular choice due to their high intelligence,.

Their seems in many ways similar to that of humans. Entirely new or 'lines' of brown rats, such as the, have been bred for use in laboratories. Much of the genome of Rattus norvegicus has been sequenced. General intelligenceEarly studies found evidence both for and against measurable intelligence using the in rats. Part of the difficulty of understanding generally, is determining what to measure. One aspect of intelligence is the ability to learn, which can be measured using a maze like the.

Experiments done in the 1920s showed that some rats performed better than others in maze tests, and if these rats were selectively bred, their offspring also performed better, suggesting that in rats an ability to learn was heritable in some way. Main article:Rats have been used as working animals. Tasks for working rats include the sniffing of gunpowder residue, acting and.For odor detectionRats have a keen sense of smell and are easy to train. These characteristics have been employed, for example, by the Belgian, which trains rats (specifically ) to detect and diagnose through smell. In the spread of diseaseRats can serve as vectors for certain pathogens and thus spread disease, such as, and infection.They are also associated with human because they are frequently infested with blood feeding rodent mites such as the tropical rat mite ( ) and spiny rat mite ( Laelaps echidnina), which will opportunistically bite and feed on humans, where the condition is known as. Rodent Bait Station, IndiaRats have long been considered deadly pests.

Once considered a modern myth, the in India occurs every fifty years, as armies of descend upon rural areas and devour everything in their path. Rats have long been held up as the chief villain in the spread of the; however, recent studies show that rats alone could not account for the rapid spread of the disease through Europe in the. Still, the does list nearly a dozen diseases directly linked to rats.Most urban areas battle rat infestations. A 2015 study by the (AHS) found that eighteen percent of homes in Philadelphia showed evidence of rodents., and, also demonstrated significant rodent infestations. Indeed, are famous for their size and prevalence.

The urban legend that the rat population in equals that of its human population was definitively refuted by in his book Rats but illustrates New Yorkers' awareness of the presence, and on occasion boldness and cleverness, of the rodents. New York has specific regulations for eradicating rats; multifamily residences and commercial businesses must use a specially trained and licensed.Rats have the ability to swim up sewer pipes into toilets. Rat infestations occur around pipes, behind walls and near garbage cans. As invasive speciesWhen introduced into locations where rats previously did not exist, they can wreak an enormous degree of., the black rat, is considered to be one of the world's worst invasive species. Also known as the ship rat, it has been carried worldwide as a on for millennia and has usually accompanied men to any new area visited or settled by human beings by sea. The similar species, the brown rat or wharf rat, has also been carried worldwide by ships in recent centuries.

The ship or wharf rat has contributed to the extinction of many species of wildlife, including birds, small mammals, reptiles, invertebrates, and plants, especially on islands. True rats are, capable of eating a wide range of plant and animal foods, and have a very high.

When introduced to a new area, they quickly reproduce to take advantage of the new food supply. In particular, they prey on the eggs and young of forest birds, which on isolated islands often have no other predators and thus have no fear of predators. Some experts believe that rats are to blame for between forty percent and sixty percent of all seabird and reptile extinctions, with ninety percent of those occurring on islands. Thus man has indirectly caused the extinction of many species by accidentally introducing rats to new areas. Rat-free areas.

Rat trapped in a cageRats are found in nearly all areas of Earth which are inhabited by human beings. The only rat-free continent is, which is too cold for rat survival outdoors, and its lack of human habitation does not provide buildings to shelter them from the weather. However, rats have been introduced to many of the islands near Antarctica, and because of their destructive effect on native flora and fauna, efforts to eradicate them are ongoing. In particular, (just off rat-infested ), where breeding seabirds could be badly affected if rats were introduced, is subject to special measures and regularly monitored for rat invasions.As part of some islands' rat populations have been eradicated to protect or restore the. Was declared rat free after 229 years and after almost 200 years.

In New Zealand was declared rat free in 1988 after an eradication campaign based on a successful trial on the smaller Hawea Island nearby.In January 2015 an international 'Rat Team' set sail from the for the of on board a ship carrying three helicopters and 100 tons of rat poison with the objective of 'reclaiming the island for its seabirds'. Rats have wiped out more than 90% of the seabirds on South Georgia, and the sponsors hope that once the rats are gone, it will regain its former status as home to the greatest concentration of seabirds in the world. The South Georgia Heritage Trust, which organized the mission describes it as 'five times larger than any other rodent eradication attempted worldwide'. That would be true if it were not for the rat control program in Alberta (see below).The Canadian province of (population 4.25 million) is notable for being the largest inhabited area on Earth which is free of true rats due to very aggressive government rat control policies.

It has large numbers of native, also called bushy-tailed wood rats, but they are forest-dwelling vegetarians which are much less destructive than true rats.Alberta was settled relatively late in North American history and only became a province in 1905. Black rats cannot survive in its climate at all, and brown rats must live near people and in their structures to survive the winters.

There are numerous predators in Canada's vast natural areas which will eat non-native rats, so it took until 1950 for invading rats to make their way over land from Eastern Canada. Immediately upon their arrival at the eastern border with, the Alberta government implemented an extremely aggressive rat control program to stop them from advancing further.

A systematic detection and eradication system was used throughout a control zone about 600 kilometres (400 mi) long and 30 kilometres (20 mi) wide along the eastern border to eliminate rat infestations before the rats could spread further into the province. Shotguns, bulldozers, high explosives, poison gas, and incendiaries were used to destroy rats. Numerous farm buildings were destroyed in the process. Initially, tons of were spread around thousands of farm yards to poison rats, but soon after the program commenced the and medical drug was introduced, which is much safer for people and more effective at killing rats than arsenic.Forceful government control measures, strong public support and enthusiastic citizen participation continue to keep rat infestations to a minimum. The effectiveness has been aided by a similar but newer program in Saskatchewan which prevents rats from even reaching the Alberta border. Alberta still employs an armed rat patrol to control rats along Alberta's borders.

About ten single rats are found and killed per year, and occasionally a large localized infestation has to be dug out with heavy machinery, but the number of permanent rat infestations is zero. In culturedid not generally differentiate between rats and mice, instead referring to the former as mus maximus (big mouse) and the latter as mus minimus (little mouse).On the, there is a against the word '. Indigenous rats are allowed to run freely throughout the.In Indian tradition, rats are seen as the vehicle of, and a rat's statue is always found in a temple of Ganesh. In the northwestern Indian city of, the rats at the are held to be destined for as ( holy men). The attending priests feed milk and grain to the rats, of which the pilgrims also partake.European culturesEuropean associations with the rat are generally negative. For instance, 'Rats!'

Is used as a substitute for various vulgar in the English language. These associations do not draw, per se, from any biological or behavioral trait of the rat, but possibly from the association of rats (and ) with the 14th-century medieval plague called the. Rats are seen as vicious, unclean, parasitic animals that steal food and spread disease. However, some people in European cultures keep and conversely find them to be tame, clean, intelligent, and playful.Rats are often used in scientific; activists allege the treatment of rats in this context is cruel. The term 'lab rat' is used, typically in a self-effacing manner, to describe a person whose job function requires them to spend a majority of their work time engaged in bench-level research (such as in the sciences).TerminologyRats are frequently blamed for damaging food supplies and other goods, or spreading disease. Their reputation has carried into common parlance: in the, 'rat' is often an insult or is generally used to signify an unscrupulous character; it is also used, as a synonym for the term, to mean an individual who works as a police or who has turned.

Writer/director created the humorous alias 'Ratskywatsky' for a soldier who seduced, impregnated, and abandoned the heroine of his 1944 film,. It is a term ( and ) in criminal slang for an – 'to rat on someone' is to betray them by informing the authorities of a or misdeed they committed. Describing a person as 'rat-like' usually implies he or she is unattractive and suspicious.Among, the word 'rat' is also a term for nonunion employers or breakers of union contracts, and this is why unions use. Was depicted as a rat in a United States Navy propaganda poster.Depictions of rats in fiction are historically inaccurate and negative.

The most common falsehood is the squeaking almost always heard in otherwise realistic portrayals (i.e. While the recordings may be of actual squeaking rats, the noise is uncommon – they may do so only if distressed, hurt, or annoyed. Normal vocalizations are very high-pitched, well outside the range of human hearing. Rats are also often cast in vicious and aggressive roles when in fact, their shyness helps keep them undiscovered for so long in an infested home.The actual portrayals of rats vary from negative to positive with a majority in the negative and ambiguous. The rat plays a villain in several mouse societies; from Brian Jacques's and Robin Jarvis's, to the roles of Disney's and Kate DiCamillo's.

They have often been used as a mechanism in horror; being the titular evil in stories like or H.P. Lovecraft's and in films like. Another terrifying use of rats is as a method of, for instance in in George Orwell's or by.Selfish helpfulness —those willing to help for a price— has also been attributed to fictional rats. Templeton, from E. White's, repeatedly reminds the other characters that he is only involved because it means more food for him, and the cellar-rat of John Masefield's requires bribery to be of any assistance.By contrast, the rats appearing in the books tend to be highly positive and likeable characters, many of whom tell their remarkable life stories in the Mouse and Rat Club established by the animal-loving doctor.Some fictional works use rats as the main characters.

Notable examples include the society created by O'Brien's, and others include, and from. 's 2007 animated film is about a rat described by as 'earnest. Lovable, determined, and gifted' who lives with a Parisian garbage-boy-turned-chef.(' My American Uncle'), a 1980, illustrates 's theories on and by using short sequences in the storyline showing lab rat experiments.In 's science fiction novel, humans unintentionally introduce rats to the ecology at the home world of an alien race which previously invaded Earth and introduced some of its own fauna into its environment.

Pitted the space-bound protagonist of a long series of novels, Commodore Grimes, against giant, intelligent rats who took over several stellar systems and enslaved their human inhabitants. ' is nickname of the (human) protagonist of a series of humorous written by.The Pied Piper.

Main article:One of the oldest and most historic stories about rats is 'The Pied Piper of Hamelin', in which a leads away an infestation with enchanted music. The piper is later refused payment, so he in turn leads away the town's children.

This tale, traced to around the late 13th century, has inspired adaptations in film, theatre, literature, and even opera. The subject of much research, some theories have intertwined the tale with events related to the, in which played an important role. Fictional works based on the tale that focus heavily on the rat aspect include Pratchett's, and Belgian graphic novel ( The Ball of the Dead Rat).See also.References.